(A Comprehensive Handlebars.js Tutorial)

This is a complete tutorial, and indeed a reference, on Handlebars.js templating and, principally, JavaScript templating. Handlebars.js is a client-side (though it can be used on the server, too) templating engine for JavaScript. It is a JavaScript library that you include in your page just as you include any other JavaScript file. And with it, you can add templates to your HTML page that will be parsed and interpolated (values of properties inserted in place) with the values from the data you passed to the Handlebars.js function.

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Written in JavaScript, Handlebars.js is a compiler that takes any HTML and Handlebars expression and compiles them to a JavaScript function. This derived JavaScript function then takes one parameter, an object—your data—and it returns a string with the HTML and the object properties’ values inserted into the HTML. So, you end up with a string that has the values from the object properties inserted in the relevant places, and you insert that string as HTML on the page.

Do I Have To Use a JavaScript Templating Engine? If so, Why?

Yes. If you develop or plan to develop JavaScript applications, you should use a JavaScript client-side templating engine to keep your JavaScript and HTML sufficiently decoupled; that is, keep your HTML separate from your JavaScript, which allows you to manage your HTML and JS files reliably and easily.

Sure, you can use JSDom, or you can fire up server-side templating and send your HTML files via HTTP. But I recommend client-side templating because it typically executes faster than server-side templating and it provides the easiest way to create and maintain your templates.

In addition, just about all the JavaScript front-end frameworks use a JavaScript templating engine, so you will eventually use JavaScript templating because you will likely use a JavaScript front-end or backend framework.

When to Use a JavaScript Templating Engine and Why to Use Handlebars.js?

The answers to both of these questions follow. Indeed, there exist some specific use cases for JavaScript templating engines.

When To Use a JavaScript Templating Engine?

You should use a JavaScript templating engine like Handlebars.js when:

  • You use a JavaScript front-end framework like Backone.js, Ember.js, and the like; most front-end JavaScript frameworks rely on templating engines
  • The application’s view (the HTML page or portions of the page) will be updated frequently, especially as a result of changes to the data either from the server via a REST API or from data on the client
  • You have multiple tech stacks that depend on your data from the server and you want all the tech stacks to process the same data
  • Your application has much interactivity and it is very responsive
  • You are developing a single-page web application with multiple views
  • You want to easily manage your HTML content; you don’t want your JavaScript code to contain important HTML markup. Here is an example of JS code with HTML markup (it makes it difficult to manage your HTML markup):
    shoesData.forEach (function (eachShoe)  {
    //Note the intermingling of HTML and JavaScript; it is tedious to follow:
    theHTMLListOfShoes += '
  • ' + '' + eachShoe.name + ' -- Price: ' + eachShoe.price + '
  • '; }); return theHTMLListOfShoes; }

Why Use Handlebars.js (out of the eight or more templating engines)?

Unsurprisingly, there are many JavaScript client-side templating engines, but we will focus on only Handlebars.js in this tutorial, since it is the best of the lot. Some of the other worthy templating engines are Underscore.js’ Template, Mustache.js, EJS, and Dust.js.

Handlebars.js is an extension of the Mustache JavaScript templating language; it supersedes Mustache.js.

The reasons you should use Handlerbars.js follow:

  • Handlebars is one of the most advanced (pre-compiling and the like), feature-rich, and popular of all the JavaScript templating engines, and it has the most active community.
  • Handlebars is a logic-less templating engine, which means there is little to no logic in your templates that are on the HTML page. The most important use of Handlebars, and any templating engine, is to keep your HTML pages simple and clean and decoupled from the logic-based JavaScript files, and Handlebars serves this purpose well. Indeed, Dust.js is also a logic-less templating engine and a worthy alternative to Handlebars.js.
  • Moreover, the cutting-edge JavaScript frameworks Meteor.js and Derby.js, which we will cover in upcoming posts, are expected to become mainstream in the coming months, and both use Handlebars.js. To be clear: Meteor.js uses Handlebars.js and Derby.js “template syntax is largely based on Handlebars” template syntax. And Ember.js uses Handlebars, too.

    While Backbone.js is packaged with Underscore.js templating engine, it is super easy to use Handlebars.js with Backbone.js.

    Therefore, the experience and knowledge you will have gained from learning Handlebars.js now will be well worth it, if you use, or plan to use, any of the noted JS frameworks.

In short, learning Handlebars.js now is an investment and a wise choice: you will program more effectively now and you will adapt easily to the JS frameworks tomorrow and in the coming weeks and months.

Handlebars.js Overview

Now that we have seen how to use Handlebars in a simple application, let’s study Handlebars in detail.

How Handlebars.js Works?

As noted in the introduction: Handlebars.js is a compiler built with JavaScript that takes any HTML and Handlebars expression and compiles them to a JavaScript function. This derived JavaScript function then takes one parameter, an object—your data—and it returns an HTML string with the object properties’ values inserted (interpolated) into the HTML. So, you end up with a string (HTML) that has the values from the object properties inserted in the relevant places, and you insert the string on a page.

This sounds way more complex that it is, so let’s take a closer look.

The 3 Main Parts of Handlebars Templating

To use Handlebars, first you link to the Handlebars.js file in the head block of your HTML page, just like you do for jQuery or any .js files.. Then there are 3 main pieces of code you use for Handlebars templating:

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ol>

  • Handlebars.js Expressions
    A simple Handlebars expression is written like this (where “content” can be a variable or a helper function with—or without—parameters:

    {{ content }} 
    

    Or like this, in the case of Handlebars block expressions (which we will discuss in detail later):

    {{#each}} 
    HTML content and other Handlebars expresion go here.
    {{/each}}
    

    Below is a Handlebars expression with HTML. The customerName variable is the property that will be interpolated (its values will be inserted in place) by the Handlebars.compile function:

    Name: {{ customerName }}

    The output will be the following (if the customerName variable has the value “Richard”):

    Richard

    Since you have to pass the Handlebars expression (with any containing HTML) to the Handlebars.compile function, a script tag is used to enclose each Handlebars template when they are on the HTML page. Indeed, the script tag is not necessary when a template is in its own HTML file, but it is necessary when the Handlebars template is on the page along with other Handlebars template and other HTML content.

    — Script Tag
    Handlebars templates are embedded in script tags (where the script tag’s type property is set to “text/x-handlebars-template”). The script tag is similar to the script tag you normally use to embed JavaScript in the HTML page, except the type attribute is different. You retrieve the HTML content from the script tag and pass it to the Handlebars compiler.

    Here is an example of the Handlebars script tag:

    
    
  • Data (or Context)
    The second piece of code in Handlebars templating is the data you want to display on the page. You pass your data as an object (a regular JavaScript object) to the Handlebars function. The data object is called the context. And this object can be comprised of arrays, strings, numbers, other objects, or a combination of all of these.

    If the data object has an array of objects, you can use Handlebars each helper (more on helpers later) function to iterate the array, and the current context is set to each item in the array.

    Here are examples of setting up the data object and how to iterate it in a Handlebars template.

    — Data object with array of objects

    //The customers object has an array of objects that we will pass to Handlebars:
    var theData = {customers:[{firstName:”Michael”, lastName:”Alexander”, age:20}, {firstName:”John”, lastName:”Allen”, age:29}]};
    

    You can use the each helper to iterate the customer’s object like this:

    
    

    Or, since we are passing the customer’s object as an array of objects, we can use a block helper (more on block helpers later) statement like this and reference the customers directly:

    
    

    — Data object with Strings

    // In this example, the data object contains properties with strings:
    var theData = {headerTitle:"Shop Page", weekDay:”Wednesday”};
    
    
    
  • The Handlebars Compile Function
    The last piece of code we need for Handlebars templating is actually a two-step execution:
    1. Compile the template with the Handlebars.compile function.
    2. Then use that compiled function to invoke the data object passed to it (it takes a data object as its sole parameter). And this will return an HTML string with the interpolated object values inserted into the HTML.

    In short:
    The Handlebars.compile function takes the template as a parameter and it returns a JavaScript function. We then use this compiled function to execute the data object and return a string with HTML and the interpolated object values. Then we can insert the string into the HTML page.

  • Here are the 3 pieces together:
    1. On the HTML age: Setup the templates by using Handlebars expressions, and add the templates to a script tag (if using script tags: templates in individual HTML files don’t need script tags):

    
    

    2. In the JavaScript file: Initialize the data object

    var theData = {headerTitle:"Shop Page", weekDay:”Wednesday”};
    
    // Retrieve the HTML from the script tag we setup in step 1
    // We use the id (header) of the script tag to target it on the page
    var theTemplateScript = $("#header").html();
    

    3. Also in the JavaScript file: Then we use the Handlebars compile function to compile the templates.
    Compile the template retrieved from the script tag:

    // The Handlebars.compile function returns a function to theTemplate variable
    var theTemplate = Handlebars.compile (theTemplateScript);
    

    Use the theTemplate () function returned by the compile function to generate the final string with interpolated object values. We pass the object data as a parameter. Then attach the resulting string with HTML to the page:

    
    $(document.body).append (theTemplate (theData));
    

    This will return our HTML with the values from the object inserted in place, and the result will look like this:
    __________
    Shop Page
    Today is Wednesday


    Compare a Non-Handlebars Project With a Handlebars.js Project

    To get a high-level overview of what development with Handlebars entails when compared with non-JavaScript templating, let’s build a quick, tiny JavaScript project.

    Before we use Handlebars, let’s make use of jQuery and JavaScript without Handlebars, to get a sense of what we are building and how Handlebars will make a difference.
    Without Handlebars, this is what a typical JavaScript/jQuery project will look like when you have content to add to the page with some data. We are simply displaying a list of shoes and prices .

    A Little Non-Handlebars Project

    1. Download Handlebars.js and jQuery:
      Download the latest version of Handlebars from Github (we are not using it yet, though, but still include it on the page). Get the full version, not the “runtime only” version (more on the runtime version later): https://github.com/wycats/handlebars.js/downloads

      Also, download the latest version of jQuery here (we will use it throughout this tutorial): http://code.jquery.com/

    2. Create a new directory on your computer named “Handlebars_tuts” and place the jQuery and Handlebars.js files in it.

      Or, you can open Terminal (on MAC) and change directory to the “Handlebars_tuts” directory. Then type the following commands to download both JS files directly to the directory with the curl command:

      
      curl http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.9.1.min.js > jquery-1.9.1.min.js
      curl https://github.com/downloads/wycats/handlebars.js/handlebars-1.0.rc.1.min.js > Handlebars.js
      
    3. Make an index.html file and add the following
      
       
       
       
       
         
          The List of Shoes:
          
      • Create a main.js file and add the following:
        Note this JS file has both HTML and JavaScript mixed together in an unhealthy soup

        $(function  () {
         
        var shoesData = [{name:"Nike", price:199.00 }, {name:"Loafers", price:59.00 }, {name:"Wing Tip", price:259.00 }];
        
        function updateAllShoes(shoes)  {
        var theHTMLListOfShoes = "";
        
        shoesData.forEach (function (eachShoe)  {
        // Note the coupling and mixing of HTML and JavaScript; it is tedious to follow
         theHTMLListOfShoes += '
      • ' + '' + eachShoe.name + ' -- Price: ' + eachShoe.price + '
      • '; }); return theHTMLListOfShoes; } $(".shoesNav").append (updateAllShoes(shoesData)); });

      If you open the index.html file in your browser, you should see a simple list with 3 items. This is how we normally develop on the front end without a JavaScript template engine.

      A Little Handlebars Project

      Now, lets refactor the code above and use Handlebars.js templating instead of relying on HTML and JavaScript coupled together “unhealthily.”

      1. Changes to index.html:

        First, just below the link to the jquery.js file (e.g., ), add the link to the handlebars js file. Whatever the name of the handlebars file is, add it, like this:

        Second, add this code just below the closing ul tag

        
        
      2. Changes to main.js:
        And here is the refactored JS code that makes use of Handlebars.
        Remove all the JS code and replace with the code below
        — Note that we have gotten rid of the entire updateAllShoes functions
        — And also note there is no HTML in the JS file anymore, all the HTML now live in the HTML file.

        $(function  () {
          var shoesData = [{name:"Nike", price:199.00 }, {name:"Loafers", price:59.00 }, {name:"Wing Tip", price:259.00 }];
           //Get the HTML from the template   in the script tag
            var theTemplateScript = $("#shoe-template").html(); 
        
           //Compile the template
            var theTemplate = Handlebars.compile (theTemplateScript); 
            $(".shoesNav").append (theTemplate(shoesData)); 
        
        //We pass the shoesData object to the compiled handleBars function
        // The function will insert all the values from the objects in their respective places in the HTML and returned HTML as a string. Then we use jQuery to append the resulting HTML string into the page
        });
        

        When you refresh the index.html page in your browser should see the same output we had in the previous non-Handlebars example above.

        The preceding illustrate the very basic use of Handlebars.js. As you have seen, using Handlebars allowed us to separate the HTML from the JavaScript. This is even more important as our application gets more complex; the easier it will be to develop separate template files and manage them effectively. Whereas, the non-Handlebars example would be a mess to manage as our application gets larger.

      That in essence is how using Handlebars.js allows us to keep our HTML files decoupled from our JavaScript files.

      The Main Difference Between the Two Projects

      This is the main difference between the non-Handlebars.js project and the Handlebars.js project: The non-Handlebars.js project has important HTML markup inside the JavaScript code, which makes it difficult to manage (create and update) the HTML:

      // You can see the HTML and JS intermingled
      
      function updateAllShoes(shoes)  {
      var theHTMLListOfShoes = "";
      shoesData.forEach (function (eachShoe)  {
       theHTMLListOfShoes += '
    4. ' + '' + eachShoe.name + ' -- Price: ' + eachShoe.price + '
    5. '; }); return theHTMLListOfShoes; } $(".shoesNav").append (updateAllShoes(shoesData));

      While the Handlebars.js project’s JavaScript code does not contain the HTML markup (the HTML markup is on the HTML page; only JS is in the JS code):

      var theTemplateScript = $("#shoe-template").html();
      var theTemplate = Handlebars.compile (theTemplateScript); 
      $(".shoesNav").append (theTemplate(shoesData)); 
      

      Learn Handlebars.js Syntax

      • Handlebars.js Expressions
        We saw the Handlebars Expressions above. Handlebars expressions are written like this (a double stash before, followed but the content to be evaluated, followed a double closing double stash):

        {{ content goes here }}

        The customerName variable is the property (the expression to be evaluated by the Handlebars compiler) that will be interpolated (its values will be inserted in place) by the Handlebars compiled function, when it executes:

        Name: {{ customerName }}
      • Comments
        This is how you add comments in a Handlebars template:

        {{! Whatever is inside this comment expression will not be outputted  }}
        

        And you can also use regular HTML comments, but they will be outputted on the HTML page source, as HTML comments of course:

        
        
      • Blocks
        Blocks in Handlebars are expression that has a block, an opening {{# }} followed by a closing {{/ }}.

        We cover blocks in detail later; this is the syntax for a block:

        {{#each}}Content goes here.{{/each}}
        

        Here is an if block

        {{#if someValueIsTrue}}Content goes here{{/if}}
        

        The words block and helper are sometimes used interchangeably because most built-in helpers are blocks, although there are function helpers and block helpers.

      • Paths (with dot notation)
        A path in Handlebars is a property lookup. If we have a name property that contains an object, such as:

        var objData = {name: {firstName: "Michael", lastName:"Jackson"}}
        

        We can use nested paths (dot notation) to lookup the property you want, like this:

        {{name.firstName}}
        
      • Parent Path ../
        Handlebars also has a parent path ../ to lookup properties on parents of the current context. Thus:
        With a data object such as this:

        var shoesData = {groupName:"Celebrities", users:[{name:{firstName:"Mike", lastName:"Alexander" }}, {name:{firstName:"John", lastName:"Waters" }} ]};
        
        We can use the parent path ../ to get the groupName property:
        
        

        The rendered HTML will be:
        Mike Alexander is in the Celebrities group.
        John Waters is in the Celebrities group.

      • Context
        Handlebars refers to the object you passed to its function as the context. Throughout this article, we use “object data” and sometimes “data” or “object” to refer to the context object. All these words are used interchangeably from time to time, but you will no doubt understand that we are referring to the object being passed into the Handlebars function.
      • Triple Stash {{{ }}} For Non-escape HTML
        Ordinarily, you use Handlebars’s double stash {{ }} for expressions, and by default, Handlebars content in this standard double stash is escaped to “protect you against accidental XSS problems caused by malicious data passed from the server as JSON.” 1This ensures that nefarious code in the HTML cannot be injected into the page. But sometimes you want the raw (un-escaped) HTML instead. For this, you can use Handlebars’s triple stash instead {{{ }}}. The triple stash tag signifies to handlebars to do not escape the HTML content contained in the triple stash.
      • Partials (sub-templates)
        Sometimes you have to render a section of a template within a larger template. You use Partials to do this in Handlebars, and this is the partials expression:

        {{> partialName}}
        
        Let’s add a partial template to the basic Handlebars project we built earlier. We will add color and size under each shoe.
        
        Changes to main.js
        1.  Replace the existing data object with the following (we are adding properties for color and size):
        
        var shoesData = {allShoes:[{name:"Nike", price:199.00, color:"black", size:10 }, {name:"Loafers", price:59.00, color:"blue", size:9 }, {name:"Wing Tip", price:259.00, color:"brown", size:11 }]};
        
        

        2. Add the following just before the line with the jQuery append method:

        Handlebars.registerPartial("description", $("#shoe-description").html());
        

        Changes to index.html:
        1. Replace the shoe-template template with this:

        
        

        2. Add this new template for the description; add it just below the shoe-template:

        
        

        The Final HTML should show color and size under each shoe list item.

        That is how you add a partial- (or sub-template) to the main template.

      Handlebars.js Built-in Helpers (Conditionals and Loops)

      Expand Content
      As we have learned earlier, Handlebars is a logic-less (little to no logic embedded in the templates) templating engine. But there must be a way for us to execute complex logic when using the templates. Handlebars provides this functionality with what are called Helpers, which are the conditional and loops for executing simple logic.

      They are logic expressions and logic blocks that provide the necessary logic for templates on the HTML page. You can add complex functionality with your own custom helpers, which we will discuss in a bit.

      Built-in Helpers

      The built-in helpers (conditionals and loops) are:

      • Each Helper: {{#each}}
        We saw the each helper earlier. It allows you to iterate over an array or object provided in the data object (the context). For example, if you have an array of items you would like to list on the page, you can do this:
        First we setup the data

        var favoriteFruits = {allFruits:["Tangerine", "Mango", "Banana"]};
        

        Then we use the each block inside the script tag.
        Note that this is referring to the allFruits property—each item in its array

        
        

        This will result in the following HTML

        
        
      • Tangerine
      • Mango
      • Banana
      • Also, if the data object passed to the each helper is not an array, the entire object is the current context and we use the this keyword. This illustrates:
        If the data looks like this:

        var favoriteFruits = {firstName:"Peter", lastName:"Paul"};
        

        As opposed to this:

        var favoriteFruits = {customers: {firstName:"Peter", lastName:"Paul"}};
        

        We use the this keyword as demonstrated here:

        Since the evaluated expression from the data will be just the object, we use the this keyword:

         {{#each this}}
            
      • {{firstName}} {{lastName}}
      • {{/each}}

        — Nested Properties with the Each helper
        Let’s use the nested properties (that we learned earlier) with the each helper:

        var favoriteFruits = {allFruits:[{fruitName:"Tangerine", naitiveTo:[{country:"Venezuela"}]},{fruitName:"Mango"}] };
        
        {{#each allFruits}}
            
      • {{fruitName}} {{naitiveTo.0.country}}
      • {{/each}}
      • If Helper: {{#if}}
        The if helper works just like a regular if statement, except it does not accept any conditional logic. It checks for truthy values such as true, any non-empty or non null value, and the like. The block is only rendered if the if evaluates to a truthy value.
        — Here are some examples:
        We check to see if the userActive property is truthy. If it is, the block is rendered:

        {{#if userActive}} Welcome, {{firstName}} {{/if}}

        As one of the Handlebars developers advised: it is best to check for the length property of the variable, to catch cases where an array might be empty:

        {{#if userActive.length}} Welcome, {{firstName}} {{/if}}

        As noted above, the if helper does not evaluate conditional logic, so we cannot do this:

        {{#if userScore > 10 }} Congratulations, {{firstName}}, You did it. {{/if}}

        We have to use a custom helper (we discuss this shortly) to add such conditional logic

      • Else: {{else}}
        The else section (note that it is not a block on its own) is rather simple, since it is a section of a block. It can be used with the if block or any other block. The content in the else section is only rendered if expression evaluates to falsy.

        We check to see if the userLoggedIn property is truthy. If it is not, the content in the else block will be rendered:

        {{#if userLoggedIn}} Welcome, {{firstName}} {{else}} Please Log in. {{/if}}
      • Unless Helper: {{#unless}}
        As an alternative to the else helper, you use the unless block helper. The content between the unless block only renders if the unless expression evaluates to a falsy value. So this is best used if you only want to check for falsy values:

        We replace the if block and the else section above with just the unless block, to render the content only if the property evaluates to a falsy value.

        This expression reads: only render the contents in the block if the userLoggedIn property evaluates to false

        {{#unless userLoggedIn}} Please Log in. {{/unless}}
      • With Helper: {{#with}}
        The with helper allows us to target a specific property of the object. For example, we know that the object is always the current context in a Handlebars template, as we have learned in a few sections earlier. But if you want to target a different property from the current context, you can use the with helper, just as you can use the parent path (../) to do this.Let’s see the with helper in action:

        If we have a context object such as:

        var shoesData = {groupName:"Celebrities", celebrity:{firstName:"Mike", lastName:"Alexander" } };
        

        We can use the MARKDOWN_HASH23a58bf9274bedb19375e527a0744fa9MARKDOWN_HASH block to target the groupName property where we need access to its values:

        
        

        And this is the rendered HTML:
        Celebrities Group
        - Mike Alexander

        The with block is probably one that you will rarely use.

      Handlebars.js Custom Helpers


      (very important and versatile)
      In addition to the built-in helpers we just discussed, Handlebars allows us to add our own custom helpers, and this is even more important than the built-in helpers, since we can add any kind of complex logic to the custom helpers. We can even re-create the built-in helpers with our own custom helpers, though this would be a waste of time.

      With custom helpers, we can add any kind or JavaScript logic. We register the custom helper before all the rest of the Handlebars JS code. Custom helpers are created in the JavaScript code, not inside the Handlebars template.

      There are two types of custom helpers you can create: a custom function helper is simply a helper that does not use a block, and a custom block helper is a helper with a block.

      Custom Function Helpers

      Let’s make a simple custom function helper that executes some conditional logic, since we could not use conditional logic with the built-in helpers.

      The data object:

      var contextObj = {score:85, userName:"Mike"};
      

      First, we have to update the name of the variable here:

      $(".shoesNav").append (theTemplate(contextObj));

      Notice I replaced

      shoesData

      with

      contextObj

      .

      Second, we have to register the custom helper with Handlebars.registerHelper method. This method takes a string (the name of the helper) as the first parameter and a function with any number of parameters as the second parameter.

      Handlebars.registerHelper ("theNameOfTheHelper", function (theScore) {
          console.log("Grade: " + theScore );
          var userGrade = "C";
      
         if (theScore >= 90) {
             return "A" ;
         }
         else if (theScore >= 80 && theScore < 90) {
             return "B" ;
         }
         else if (theScore >= 70 && theScore < 80) {
             return "C" ;
         }
         else {
             return "D" ;
         }
         
      });
      

      Here is the Handlebars template that uses the custom function helper we just created:

       {{theNameOfTheHelper score}}
      

      The output on the HTML page is:
      B

      Custom Block Helpers

      In addition to custom function helpers, we can also add custom block helpers. When we register a custom block helper, Handlebars automatically adds an options object as the last parameter in the callback function. And the options object has an fn method, a hash object, and an inverse method.

      The options.fn method:
      The fn method takes an object (your data) as a parameter that it uses as the context inside the custom helper block template. You can pass any data object, or if you want to use the same data context referenced in the template, you can use this.

      An example will better illustrate. This is the data object we are using (we will sum all the scores in the array and replace the score array with the total of the scores:

      var contextObj = [{firstName: "Kapil", lastName:"Manish", score:[22, 34, 45, 67]}, {firstName: "Bruce", lastName:"Kasparov", score:[10, 34, 67, 90]}];
      

      Here we setup the template with the userScore block helper, which we define below:

      
      
      

      We register the userScore block helper with Handlebars.registerHelper.
      Note the last item in the parameter is the options object, which Handlebars inserts automatically, and we use it here:

      Handlebars.registerHelper ("userScore", function (dataObject, options) {
      var templateWithInterpolatedData = "";
      
      for (var i = dataObject.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
          //Sum user scores from the score array and replace the array with the total
          dataObject[i].score = dataObject[i].score.reduce(function (prev, cur, index, array) {
                      return prev + cur;
                  });
      
      // Each object in the data object array is interpolated with the options.fn method, which processes all the HTML from the template and insert the values from the object in their respective positions. 
      
      // Just so you understand the purpose of the options.fn method: it does exactly what the regular handlebars template function does when we pass the data object to the function, to  retrieve the values from the object and insert them into the HTML from the template.
      
      // Without the options.fn object in this example, the raw objects (instead of the interpolated values) would have been returned
       
      templateWithInterpolatedData += options.fn (dataObject[i]);
      
      }
      
      // We return the full string of HTML with all the values from the data object inserted into place.
      
      return templateWithInterpolatedData;   
      });
      

      And this is the HTML output:
      Bruce Kasparov, Your Total Score is 201
      Kapil Manish, Your Total Score is 168

      — It is also important to know that a custom block helper can be inserted anywhere in the template, and we can pass any number of parameters in the template for the custom block helper.

      The options.inverse method:
      The inverse method is used as the else section of any block statement. So, you would use options.fn to return when the expression in the callback evaluates to a truthy value. But you would use options.inverse when the expression evaluates to falsy (to render content in the else part of the block).

      The options.hash object:
      Handlebars expressions take not only strings and variables as arguments, but you can pass key-value pairs separated by spaces as well.
      For example:
      (Note there is no comma separating the key-value pairs arguments.)

      {{#myNewHelper score=30 firstName="Jhonny" lastName="Marco"}}
      Show your HTML content here.
      {{/myNewHelper}}
      

      And that invocation of the Handlebars expression with the key-value pairs as parameters will be added automatically onto the hash object in the helper callback function. Thus:

      Handlebars.registerHelper ("myNewHelper", function (dataObject, options) {
      //JSON.stringify used to serialize the object (to a string)
      console.log(JSON.stringify (options.hash)); 
      //The output is: {score:30, firstName:"Jhonny", lastName:"Marco"}
      });
      

      Four Ways to Load/Add Templates

      There are four main ways you can add your Handlebars.js templates to your pages:

      1. Use Script Tags
        The first and simplest, indeed, the least desirable, way to add the Handlebars template to the page is by adding the script tag, as we have done throughout this tutorial so far. You add the entire script tag with the template, like the example below, on the HTML page:

        
        

        Pros

        • Quick to setup and use, if you have a very simple application or page
        • Little to no ramp-up time (time to learn and implement is negligible).

        Cons

        • All the templates are on the page in script tags, which becomes a nightmare to maintain if you have many templates.
        • It can be problematic to manage memory effectively in medium to large applications, since all the templates are always on the page and you cannot easily add and remove them, for example in a single-page web application.
        • It is difficult to create highly-responsive interfaces with these static templates that have a full life cycle in the application.
        • The templates cannot be precompiled. Precompiled templates are executed considerably faster than templates that have to be compiled in the browser before being rendered. Compiling templates is the most expensive operation for JavaScript templating engines. So the inability to precompile the templates would result in avoidable latency in your application.
      2. Use Custom Function
        You can place all of your templates in HTML files (without the script tag) and load them and compile in one go. Then you can add the compiled templates to the page whenever they are needed.

        A StackOverflow user, koorchik, has created a custom function to handle the loading and the compiling of templates in a concise manner. It is below.

        Pros

        • All the templates can be kept in separate HTML files, which allows for easy maintenance.
        • No ramp-up time to learn and implement the function: after studying the function for a bit, you will understand it and will be ready to use it in a few minutes.
        • The function is very lightweight.
        • It is versatile, because it facilitates the use of both precompiled templates and templates that haven't been compiled; and you can even pass preloaded templates to the function.

        Con

        • None as yet :), but feel free to suggest any in the comments below.

        The Custom Function

        // And this is the definition of the custom function 
        function render(tmpl_name, tmpl_data) {
            if ( !render.tmpl_cache ) { 
                render.tmpl_cache = {};
            }
        
            if ( ! render.tmpl_cache[tmpl_name] ) {
                var tmpl_dir = '/static/templates';
                var tmpl_url = tmpl_dir + '/' + tmpl_name + '.html';
        
                var tmpl_string;
                $.ajax({
                    url: tmpl_url,
                    method: 'GET',
                    async: false,
                    success: function(data) {
                        tmpl_string = data;
                    }
                });
        
                render.tmpl_cache[tmpl_name] = _.template(tmpl_string);
            }
        
            return render.tmpl_cache[tmpl_name](tmpl_data);
        }
        

        This is how you would use the custom function to load a mytemplate.html file; pass a data object as second parameter

        var rendered_html = render('mytemplate', {});
        
      3. Use AMD and Require.js
        AMD is a specification that outlines a mechanism for loading modules and their dependencies asynchronously. We will leave the particulars of the AMD specification for another article.

        For the purpose of this Handlebars templating, the bottom line is that we use a define () function to register our modules and dependencies (including templates) and Require.js ( a file and module loader) will load our templates so we can assign them to a variable and use them in our project. More on AMD and Requires.js in the Backbone.js application later.

        Pros

        • With the AMD module mechanism, your code will be well organized.
        • You can easily and dynamically load templates in a structured manner.
        • You can keep all the templates in separate HTML files for easy maintenance.
        • Different developers can edit or create different HTML template files.
        • Require.js can concantenate all JS files into one file JS file, thus reducing the number of HTTP requests and download time for the application.

        Con

        • Steep Ramp-up time: AMD and Require.js have a moderate to steep learning curve, and you might likely have to learn Backbone.js or another JS framework that utilize these technologies in an abstracted manner.

        Handlebars template with AMD and Require.js Example
        The templates are in separate HTML files, and they don’t need the script tag anymore, so the user_account.html file looks like this:

        // The define function is part of the AMD mechanism for loading 
        define([
            'jquery',
            'underscore',
            'handlebars',
        // Require.js text plugin loads the HTML template pages
            'text!templates/user_account.html',
            'text!templates/user_profile.html'], 
        function ($, _, Backbone, HandleBars, 
        UserAccount_Template, UserProfile_Template) {
        
        // These are the two objects we will be using
        userAccountDataObject: {accountNumber:85444, balance: $120.00},
        userProfileDataObject: {firstName:”Michael, lastName:”Harrington”},
        
        // Compile the Handlebars template that we loaded in (the user_account.html and user_profile.html) and assign them to the following two variables.
        userAccount_compiledTemplate:
        HandleBars.compile(UserAccount_Template),
        userProfile_compiledTemplate:
        HandleBars.compile(UserProfile_Template),
        
        // This function will add the Handlebars compiled templates on the page
        render: function () {
        // Use the compiled function (userAccount_compiledTemplate) and pass to it the context (the data object). The result will be the HTML from the template page with the interpolated values from the data object.
        
        this.$(".user-account-div").html
        (this.userAccount_compiledTemplate(userAccountDataObject);
        
        // Ditto for this template function
        this.$(".user-profile-div").html
        (this.userProfile_compiledTemplate(userProfileDataObject);
        });
        
      4. Precompile The Templates
        With the script tag and the AMD/Requires.js methods of adding the templates to the page, Handlebars has to compile the templates on the client side, and this is the most expensive operation for JavaScript Template engines.

        To reduce latency and speed up page execution, Handlebars has a node.js module that precompiles your templates. And because the templates are precompiled, the execution time is considerably faster and you only include a runtime Handlebars.js file on the page.

        I do not include an example code to show how to precompile Handlebars template, because the code will be best understood within the context of a complete application, and we will build a complete application with Backbone.js and precompile the Handlebars template in part 2 of this post.

        Pros

        • Because the precompiled template files are in JavaScript, they can be minified and combined into one JavaScript file for the entire application, including all the libraries and other JS files. This will significantly reduce the number of HTTP requests to the server on startup, and thus reduce the download time for the application.
        • The application will execute considerably faster, because the expensive compile operation has been completed.
        • All the advantages with the AMD/Require.js option, if used with AMD and Require.js.

        Cons

        • The Handlebars precompile script is a Node.js module, which means you need to have Node.js installed on your development machine to precompile the templates.
        • Since all the templates files are now JavaScript files, the templates cannot easily be edited on the server, to make quick changes.
        • Making changes to files is a two-step process: You change the HTML files, then you have to run the precompile step to compile the templates to JavaScript. However, this last step can be enhanced with watch folders that automatically notices changes to the templates files in the template folder, and precompile the templates immediately.

      Handlebars.js with Backbone.js, jQuery, Ember.js, and Meteor.js

      Part 2 (coming soon)
      In a follow-up post, we get to use Handlebars.js with some of the most popular JavaScript frameworks. We will build 4 quiz applications with 4 different frameworks (jQuery, Ember.js, Backbone.js, and Meteor.js), and we will use Handlebars in all the applications. Furthermore, we will load the templates in each of the 4 different ways described above.

      Try Handlebars Online in your Browser

      The website at the link below has a useful utility that you can use to try Handlebars online in your browser.
      Here is the link:
      http://tryhandlebarsjs.com/

      Notes

      1. http://handlebarsjs.com/
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